Biological Anthropology:International Edition

Description

Features

DISCOVER THE BEST OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: FROM ITS EARLIEST FOUNDATIONS TO ITS MOST CURRENT INNOVATIONS

• Biological Anthropology provides a specialist approach to each of the broad areas of biological anthropology that the text covers: primate behavior and ecology (Craig Stanford), human biology and the brain (John Allen), and the human fossil record (Susan Antón).
• Biological Anthropology frames questions about humankind in light of our understanding of culture, and the ways in which culture interacts with biology, to create the template for human nature.
• Biological Anthropology integrates traditional physical anthropology with a modern Darwinian framework - the theory of evolution by natural selection - in every chapter:

The Introduction and Part I: Mechanisms of Evolution (Chapters 1 through 5) The text begins with an overview of the field of biological anthropology in the larger context of the social and life sciences, including a brief history of the field. Chapter 1 (page 13) reviews the roots of evolutionary thinking and how it became central to biological anthropology. Chapters 2 through 5 review at length the mechanisms of evolution and describe the applications of modern genetic research techniques to unraveling some of the mysteries of human evolution. Chapters 2 and 3 (page 35 and 66) review cellular, molecular, and population genetics. Chapter 4 (page 92) takes the discussion of genetics into modern evolutionary theory: the formation of species and the central topics of natural selection and adaptation. Chapter 5 (page 116) surveys the field of human adaptation and the ways in which evolutionary forces mold human populations.

Part II, Primates (Chapters 6 and 7) (page 154-220) presents the living nonhuman primates. The text reviews their classification, their anatomical and behavioral adaptations, and their social life. It delves into new areas of research such as primate culture and tool use. It also cautiously uses the behavior of living monkeys and apes to understand what their ancestors, and therefore ours, may have been like.

Part III, Paleontology and Primate Evolution (Chapters 8, 9, and 10) (pages 221-305)introduces the foundation for understanding primate and human evolution. In the most complete synthesis of its kind Biological Anthropology explains how scientists interpret the environmental context and geological age of fossils, and reviews the periods of Earth's history during which primates arose (Chapter 8). It covers newly introduced dating techniques and controversies such as the changing age of the Zhoukoudian (Peking Man) fossils. It also presents the fossil evidence for primate evolution starting 65 million years ago (Chapter 9), with new fossil evidence for Darwinius masillae among other finds, and discusses the anatomical transition from an ape to human ancestor (Chapter 10), a change that set off a cascade of effects that we feel to the present day.

Part IV, The Human Fossil Record (Chapters 11 through 14) (pages 306-445) presents the direct physical evidence for human origins. Chapter 11 describes the most up-to-date information on the earliest known hominins in Africa including newly published information on Ardipithecus, and Australopithecus, including the stunning South African Australopithecus sediba remains. Chapter 12 introduces the genus Homo including H. habilis, and H. erectus and the causes and consequences of dispersal from Africa. Chapters 13 and 14 cover the more recent hominin fossils, including Neandertals, the origins of our own species, and our dispersal around the globe. Biological Anthropology also provides up-to-the-minute information on new research on the Flores remains, the latest fossils and DNA evidence for the “Denisovans” of Siberia, the Neandertal nuclear genome, middle Pleistocene Homo fossils, and new finds concerning the Peopling of the New World.

Part V, New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology (Chapters 15 through 18) (pages 446-560) is about the biology of modern people. This text includes coverage of the human brain and the evolution of language (Chapter 15), and biomedical anthropology (Chapter 16). Chapter 17 discusses biocultural aspects of the evolution of human behavior, including the lives of traditional foraging peoples, aspects of human sexual behavior, and how behavioral disease can be understood in an evolutionary context. Additionally, the book concludes with a chapter on Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology with new features on forensic genetics and the role of disease in understanding our later evolution (Chapter 18).

The appendices offer reference material on the brain (Appendix A, page 561), the primate skeleton (Appendix B, page 564), the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Appendix C, page 569), and metric to imperial conversion factors (Appendix D, page 571).

• Biological Anthropology covers the most current innovations in the field through its Innovations feature found in select chapters. This feature helps students develop an appreciation for the excitement of discovery by providing them with visually intense presentations of new, burgeoning areas of research. For example: “The Wide World of RNA” (p. 52), “Culture in Nonhuman Primates” (p. 206), “Time in a Bottle” (p. 238), “Dikika and Development” (p. 320), “Neandertal Genes” (p. 402), and “Music, the Brain, and Evolution” (p. 462).
• Biomedical anthropology is still featured in its own chapter (p. 473), and a large part of Chapter 17 (p. 501)discusses the behavior and biology of modern people, from the study of foragers (hunter-gatherers) to approaches to understanding the human psyche (evolutionary psychology).
• Biological Anthropology continues to include the most extensive discussion in any biological anthropology textbook of the geological background necessary for understanding human evolution (Chapter 8, p. 221), which has been updated to include the new cosmogenic radionuclide technique that is changing how we think about the age of fossils sites in non-volcanic contexts, such as Zhoukoudian and the South African cave sites.

• MyAnthroLab is an online resource that contains book-specific practice tests, chapter summaries, learning objectives, flashcards, weblinks, MySearchLab, a complete E-book and media-rich activities that enhance topics covered in Biological Anthropology, 3/e.
• The Pearson eText lets students access their textbook anytime, anywhere, and any way they want-including listening online or downloading to iPad.
• A personalized study plan for each student promotes better critical-thinking skills, and helps students succeed in the course and beyond.

IMPROVE CRITICAL THINKING

• Each chapter ends with a visual summary (ex. p. 220)and critical thinking questions intended to stimulate discussion as well as explore a topic. Students can easily review the key topics of each chapter, and refer back to the precise sections for more extensive review.
• Author suggested readings are found at the end of each chapter (ex. p. 220), with an emphasis on original sources that are highly readable, non-technical accounts that an introductory student may want to pursue. 
• Insights and Advances boxes (ex. p. 233)found in every chapter expand on text material and call student attention to current events, emerging debates or fascinating side stories. 

ENGAGE STUDENTS

Student-oriented pedagogy woven into each chapter:

• Each chapter begins with a short vignette (ex. p. 14) depicting the main topic of that particular chapter.
• These vignettes help students get a feel for the main chapter topics and are an enjoyable and informative reflection on the text material. For example, some vignettes are quotations taken from famous works by biological anthropologists, such as Dian Fossey describing a day with mountain gorillas at the beginning of Chapter 7 (p. 197-220). For other chapters, one of the authors has written a short description of how someone studying human fossils, for example, might experience a day in the field.
• A marginal glossary defines new terms as students encounter them, and a complete glossary is located at the back of the book (ex. p. 198).
• At the end of the book, the bibliography (p. 583-602) contains all of the references used and cited within the text to encourage students to continue reading topics of interest.

This text provides students with the best possible art, photos, and maps of every topic covered in the book - helping them gain a better understanding of key material.

• An outstanding art program contains some of the finest images - covering everything from molecular genetics to stone tools - and was specifically created for this book by scientific illustrators and reviewed by experts.
• Most of the photographs of living primates, fossils, and fossil sites, were taken by one of the authors or were contributed by other biological anthropologists. 
• The maps have been specifically created for this book by Dorling Kindersley, a leading publisher of atlases for both the educational and consumer markets. These maps describe the geography of everything from the distribution of living primates in the world today to the locations of the continents in the distant past.
• Two-page evolutionary features - appearing in a number of chapters, especially in Part IV - provide a snapshot of evolutionary development through time. These features provide a concise way for students to easily grasp evolutionary changes through our vast sweep of time in greater detail.

• Instructor's Manual with Tests (0205150721): For each chapter in the text, this valuable resource provides a detailed outline, list of objectives, discussion questions, and suggested readings and videos. In addition, test questions in multiple-choice, true/false, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer formats are available for each chapter; the answers are page-referenced to the text. For easy access, this manual is available within the instructor section of MyAnthroLab for Biological Anthropology, Third Edition, or at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
• MyTest (0205150713): This computerized software allows you to create your own personalized exams, edit any or all of the existing test questions, and add new questions. Other special features of the program include random generation of test questions, creation of alternate versions of the same test, scrambling question sequence, and test preview before printing. For easy access, this software is within the instructor section of MyAnthroLab for Biological Anthropology, Third Edition, or at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
• PowerPoint Presentation Slides (0205150705): These PowerPoint slides combine text and graphics for each chapter to help you convey cultural anthropology principles in a clear and engaging way. For easy access, they are available within the instructor section of MyAnthroLab for Biological Anthropology, Third Edition, or at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc.
• Method & Practice in Biological Anthropology: A Workbook and Laboratory Manual for Introductory Courses (0-13-225006-3): Designed to complement a wide variety of introductory level laboratory courses in biological anthropology, this new manual written by Samantha Hens of California State University, Sacramento provides optimum flexibility to suit almost all laboratory environments. The manual is divided into four sections, reflecting the typical design of introductory courses in biological anthropology: genetics and evolution, the human skeleton, the nonhuman primates, and our fossil ancestors. Each chapter has similar pedagogical elements, beginning with a list of chapter objectives, an array of topical lab exercises to choose from, and a set of pre- and post-lab questions. For more information on bundling this lab manual with Biological Anthropology 3e, please contact your local Pearson sales representative at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/replocator/.
• Dorling Kindersley/Prentice Hall Atlas of Anthropology (0-13-191879-6): Beautifully illustrated by Dorling Kindersley, with narrative by leading archaeological author Brian M. Fagan, this striking atlas features 30 full-color maps, timelines, and illustrations to offer a highly visual, but explanatory geographical overview of topics from all four fields of anthropology. For more information on bundling this atlas with Biological Anthropology 3e, please contact your local Pearson sales representative at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/replocator/.
  

New to this Edition

Found in this section:

1. Overview of Changes
2. Chapter-by-Chapter Changes

1. Overview of changes

DISCOVER THE BEST OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: FROM ITS EARLIEST FOUNDATIONS TO ITS MOST CURRENT INNOVATIONS

• Following the growing scientific consensus in biological anthropology, Biological Anthropology has adopted the molecularly based terminology for grouping humans and our ancestors - now referring to us and our exclusive ancestors as hominins rather than hominids. (This change in nomenclatural is explained in an Insights and Advances box in Chapter 11.)
• By popular demand, Chapter (18) on bioarcheology and forensic anthropology has been expanded to include additional features and innovations on forensic genetics and the bony record of health and disease. Field recovery methods, identification techniques, and applications of both bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology are described in a way that will appeal to students.

New or Revised Innovations features:

• NEW! Symbolism and Human Evolution (Chapter 14)
• NEW! Ancestry and Identity Genetics (Chapter 18)
• REVISED: A New Genetic Era (Ch. 3) focuses on genetic counseling and clinical application of genetic knowledge.
• REVISED: What's Size Got To Do With It? (Ch. 12) examines the issue of size variation in H. erectus.
• REVISED: Neandertal Genes (Ch. 13) now includes information about where sample Neandertal DNA has been recovered and coverage of the draft of the Neandertal genome.

PERSONALIZE LEARNING

• MyAnthroLab is an online resource that contains book-specific practice tests, chapter summaries, learning objectives, flashcards, weblinks, MySearchLab, a complete E-book and media-rich activities that enhance topics covered in Biological Anthropology 3e.
• The Pearson eText lets students access their textbook anytime, anywhere, and any way they want-including listening online or downloading to iPad.
• A personalized study plan for each student promotes better critical-thinking skills, and helps students succeed in the course and beyond.

IMPROVE CRITICAL THINKING

• New, Revised, or Moved Insights and Advances boxes:
  o NEW! Darwinius masillae (Ch. 9) introduces a new, nearly complete primate from Messel, Germany (nicknamed “Ida”).
  o NEW! The Denisovans (Ch. 13) details a new fossil find in Siberia that is neither Human nor Neandertal.
  o NEW! Peopling of the New World (Ch. 14) includes the Buttermilk Creek site.
  o NEW! Bioarchaeology - Disease and the skeleton (Ch. 18)
  o NEW! Forensic Casework (Ch. 18)
  o REVISED: What Is Intelligent Design? (Ch. 1) includes information on the most recent federal court case.
  o REVISED: Cloning Controversies (Ch. 2) explores the use of cloning for conservation of endangered species or the resurrection of extinct species (the mammoth, for example).
  o REVISED: Dating Controversies (Ch. 8) now considers applications of new methods to Zhoukoudian H. erectus site.
  o REVISED: The Ten-Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy (Ch. 15) includes information on cooking meat and high quality plant foods.
  o REVISED & MOVED: The Little People of Flores (formerly Ch. 12) has been updated and moved from Chapter 14.
  o MOVED: The Little People of Flores has been moved from Chapter 12

ENGAGE STUDENTS

• NEW! The third edition features more than 50 new anatomical illustrations especially prepared for this text by medical illustrator Joanna Wallington.  These drawings replace the text's previous versions in Sections III and IV - providing superior detail and anatomical accuracy, and enhancing student insight into the morphological features of importance in human evolution. 

• New! Create a Custom Text: For enrollments of at least 25, create your own textbook by combining chapters from best-selling Pearson textbooks and/or reading selections in the sequence you want.  To begin building your custom text, visit www.pearsoncustomlibrary.com. You may also work with a dedicated Pearson Custom editor to create your ideal text-publishing your own original content or mixing and matching Pearson content. Contact your Pearson Publisher's Representative to get started.
• New! Class Prep  collects the very best class presentation resources in one convenient online destination, so instructors can keep students engaged throughout every class.

2. Chapter-by-chapter Changes

Chapter 1: Origins of Evolutionary Thought

• Darwin Revolution section-New key terms: biogeography and vestigial organs.
• Revised Insights and Advances: What Is Intelligent Design? includes information on the most recent federal court case.

Chapter 2: Genetics: Cells and Molecules

• The Cell section-Discussion of using adult stem cells to avoid the controversy of embryonic stem cell use.
• Revised Insights and Advances: Cloning Controversies explores the use of cloning for conservation of endangered species or the resurrection of extinct species (the mammoth, for example). 

Chapter 3: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype

• From Genotype to Phenotype section-Updated information on the human genome and the application of DNA sequence information in a wide range of areas, such as obesity and the treatment of genetic disease.
• Table 3.2 revised to include Red-Green color blindness.
• New Innovations: A New Genetic Era focuses on genetic counseling and clinical application of genetic knowledge.
• Phenylketonuria section-Raises possibility of gene therapy as a possible treatment in the future (2010 reference from van Spronsen).

Chapter 5: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability

• New Table 5.1, Comparing Linnaeus's and Blumenbach's 18th Century Divisions of Humanity.
• Historical Perspectives on Human Variation section-Several changes to the discussion of the history of the race concept, including the UN Statement on Race and the American Anthropological Statement on Race.
• Population Genetics section:
  • Updates on the evolution of ABO blood type and HLA polymorphisms
  • New key term-autoimmune diseases
  • Discussion of new studies on the genetic histories of contemporary populations in Yorkshire and Iceland have been added
• Adaptation and Adaptability section-Update on adaptations to high altitude in Tibetans that makes them resistant to chronic mountain sickness.

Chapter 6: The Primates

• Update Table 6.1, Some Mammalian Orders and the Number of Species in Each
• A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates section:
• The traditional classification system of the hominoids-hominids, the great, apes, and the lesser apes-is based on morphological characteristics.   And for consistency with the older literature we have used that classification in earlier editions.  However, genetically humans and chimpanzees are more closely related to one another than either is to gorillas-and this molecular classification has grown in acceptance since our first edition.  Therefore, in this book we use the molecular classification system and call humans and our exclusive ancestors' hominins because this is the way that most of the recent literature is constructed.
• New reference on the degree to which bonobos eat meat (Hohmann and Fruth, 2008)
• Updated information on primate conservation hotspots and new information on great ape extinction risks 

Chapter 7 Primate Behavior

• Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social? section-Includes new tool use discoveries among wild chimpanzees.

Chapter 8 Fossils in Geological Context

• How to become a Fossil section-Discusses the debate over what the lower boundary of the Pleistocene should be.
•  How Old Is It section:
  • Revised Insights and Advances: Dating Controversies, now considers applications of new dating methods to Zhoukoudian H. erectus site
• Revised Table 8.1, Comparison of Chronometric Technique now includes 26Al/10Be
• New coverage of Cosmogenic radionuclide techniques such as 26Al/10Be
• The Earth in the Cenozoic section includes updates to the coverage of stable carbon isotope ratios

Chapter 9 Origin of Primates

• The Mesozoic and Beyond section-Includes a new reference on the evolution of hand proportions (Kirk et al., 2008).
• New Insights and Advances: Darwinius masillae, about a new, nearly complete primate from Messel, Germany (nicknamed “Ida”).
• Evolution of Higher Primates section:
  • Discussion of role climate change played in evolution of monkeys and apes form the end of the Oligocene to the middle of the Miocene
• New references for Hispanopithecus and Rudapithecus (Almecija et al., 2009) and Pierolapithecus  (Dean and Begun, 2008, 2010)

Chapter 10 Becoming Human: The Ape-Hominin Transition

• Becoming a Biped section-Introduces a suggestion that bipedalism provided greater efficiency in getting between food patches and may had the additional benefit of helping to maintain group size.  

Chapter 11 Early Hominins

• Revised Insights and Advances: A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominins versus Hominids.
• The Ardipithecus and the First Hominins? section-Covers more recent published findings on Ardipithecus.
• The Australopithecus and Kin section:
  • Includes information on the comparison the mandibular symphyses of Australopithecus bahrelghazali and Australopithecus afarensis (Guy et al., 2008).
  • New research that suggests that the Kenyanthropus platyops face is substantially flatter than Au. afarensis (Spoor et al. 2010).
• Coverage of the newly discovered South African hominin named Australopithecus sediba. 

Chapter 12 Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo

• New section: Climate and the Evolution of Homo in the Pliocene and Pleistocene discusses the relation between the origin and evolution of our genus and fluctuations in climate.
• Revised Table 12.2, Cranial Capacities for Homo erectus.
• Coverage of the recently discovered Gona Pelvis. Is it a H. erectus female?
• Revised Insights and Advances: The Little People of Flores has been updated and moved from Chapter 14.
• Homo erectus around the World section-Includes information on the partial mandible from Sima de Elefante.
• New Innovations: What's Size Got to Do With It? examines the issue of size variation in H. erectus.

Chapter 13 Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals

• Revised Innovations: Neandertal Genes now includes information about where sample Neandertal DNA has been recovered and coverage of the draft of the Neandertal genome, including a new reference (Green, et al., 2010).
• New Insights and Advances: The Denisovans details a new fossil find in Siberia that is neither Human nor Neandertal.

Chapter 14 The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens

• New Insights and Advances: Peopling of the World includes the Buttermilk Creek site

Chapter 15 Evolution of the Brain and Language

• Issues in Hominin Brain section-New research on the evolution of hominin brain size and shape.
• Revised Insights and Advances: The Ten-Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy includes information on cooking meat and high quality plant foods.
• Language: Biology and Evolution section:
  • Expanded discussion of the history of right-handedness and implications for brain and language evolution.
  • Expansion of the section on models of language evolution, including a new section on Gesture and Spoken Language.

Chapter 16 Biomedical Anthropology

• Biocultural and Evolutionary Approaches to Disease section-Updates on the biocultural aspects of diseases such as anorexia.
• Birth, Growth, and Aging section:
• New information on childbirth in Neandertals and the implications for human childbirth; new references on Cesarean deliveries in the US (Martin et al., 2010).
• New reference on brain development in adolescence (Blakemore et al., 2010).
• Recent research on growth and development, including the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome in some populations and the secular trend in growth.
• Recent data on secular trend growth in South Korea.

Chapter 17 The Evolution of Human Behavior

• Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective section:
• New research on the links between hormones and reproductive behavior in modern human populations.
• New example of testosterone levels and influence on behavior in Hadza and Datoga men (Muller, 2009).
• Sexual Selection and Human Behavior section-Updated discussions on sex differences in behavior, including those relating to the traditional sexual division of labor and male-female differences in risk-taking behavior.
• Language-Related Cross-Cultural Behaviors section-Expanded treatment of cross-cultural behaviors, such as motherese, and their evolutionary implications.

Chapter 18

• New Insights and Advances: Bioarchaeology: Disease and the Skeleton.
• New Insights and Advances: Forensic Casework.
• New Innovations: Ancestry Genetics.

Table of Contents

Part I: Mechanisms of Evolution
Chapter 1: Origins of Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 2: Genetics: Cells and Molecules
Chapter 3: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype
Chapter 4: The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species
Chapter 5: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability  

Part II: Primates
Chapter 6: The Primates
Chapter 7: Primate Behavior  

Part III: Paleontology and Primate Evolution
Chapter 8: Fossils in Geological Context
Chapter 9: Origin of Primates
Chapter 10: Becoming Human: The Ape—Hominin Transition  

Part IV: The Human Fossil Record
Chapter 11: Early Hominins
Chapter 12: Rise of the Genus Homo
Chapter 13: Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals
Chapter 14: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens  

Part V: New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology
Chapter 15: Evolution of the Brain and Language
Chapter 16: Biomedical Anthropology
Chapter 17: The Evolution of Human Behavior
Chapter 18: Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology  

Appendix A: Overview of the Brain  
Appendix B: Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy  
Appendix C: The Hardy—Weinberg Equilibrium  
Appendix D: Metric—Imperial Conversions  

COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Preface 
About the Authors 

Introduction: What Is Biological Anthropology? 

Part I: Mechanisms of Evolution

Chapter 1: Origins of Evolutionary Thought 
What Is Science? 
The Early Thinkers 
The Roots of Modern Science 
Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life 
The Road to the Darwinian Revolution 
The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell 
The Darwinian Revolution 
The Galápagos 
Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Darwin versus Wallace? 
The Response to Darwin 
Science and Creationism 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What Is Intelligent Design? 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 2: Genetics: Cells and Molecules 
Genetics 
The Study of Genetics 
Genetic Metaphors: Blueprints, Recipes, or What? 
The Cell 
Cell Anatomy  
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Cloning Controversies 
DNA Structure and Function 
DNA Structure I: The Molecular Level 
DNA Function I: Replication 
DNA Function II: Protein Synthesis 
DNA Structure II: Chromosomes and Cell Division 
INNOVATIONS: The Wide World of RNA 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Biochemical Individuality 
Molecular Tools For Bioanthropological Research 
Indirect versus Direct Research Methods 
PCR, Mitochondrial DNA, and Ancient DNA 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 3: Genetics: From Genotype to Phenotype 
From Genotype to Phenotype 
The ABO Blood Type System 
Obesity: A Complex Interaction 
Mendelian Genetics 
Mendel’s Postulates 
Linkage and Crossing Over 
Mutation 
Point Mutation and Sickle Cell Disease 
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases 
Mutations: Bad, Neutral, and Good 
X-Linked Disorders 
Mendelian Genetics in Humans 
Genetics Beyond Mendel  
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Popular Mendelism and the Shadow of Eugenics 
Polygenic Traits, the Phenotype, and the Environment 
Heritability and IQ Test Score Performance 
Phenylketonuria: Illustrating Mendelian and Post-Mendelian Concepts 
Genes and Environments 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 4: The Forces of Evolution and the Formation of Species 
How Evolution Works 
Where Does Variation Come From? 
How Natural Selection Works 
Other Ways by Which Evolution Happens 
Classification and Evolution 
Taxonomy and Speciation 
What Is a Species? 
A Guide to Species Concepts 
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms 
The Origin of Species: How Species Are Formed 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What’s in a Name? Species Concepts, Genetics, and Con-servation 
The Tempo of Speciation 
Adaptation 
Is Everything Adaptive? 
Hardy—Weinberg Equilibrium 
Levels of Selection 
Inclusive Fitness 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 5: Human Variation: Evolution,  Adaptation, and Adaptability 
Human Variation at the Individual and Group Level 
What Is a Population? 
Historical Perspectives on Human Variation 
Recording Human Variation in Past Civilizations 
The Monogenism—Polygenism Debate 
Race and Racism in the Twentieth Century 
Changing Attitudes toward Race in Anthropology 
Deconstructing Racial Features 
Population Genetics 
Polymorphisms: ABO and Other Blood Type Systems 
Gene Flow and Protein Polymorphisms 
Polymorphisms and Phylogenetic Studies 
Polymorphisms and Natural Selection in Human Populations 
The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance 
Balanced Polymorphisms: Sickle-Cell and Other Conditions 
Adaptation and Adaptability 
Levels of Adaptability 
Heat and Cold  
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Technology and Extreme Environments 
Body Size and Shape 
Living at High Altitude 
Skin Color 
Adaptability to Water 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Part II: Primates

Chapter 6: The Primates 
The Primate Radiation 
The Extraordinary Diversity of Nonhuman Primates 
What Exactly Is a Primate? 
Anatomical Traits 
Life History Traits 
Behavioral Traits: Activity and Sociality 
A Guide to the Nonhuman Primates 
The Strepsirhines 
The Haplorhines  
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Rarest of the Rare 
The New World Monkeys 
The Old World Monkeys 
The Hominoids 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Impending Extinction of the Great Apes? 
Primate Ecology 
The Cycles of a Tropical Forest 
You Are What You Eat: Dietary and Digestive Strategies 
Diet and Feeding Competition 
Territories and Ranges 
Predation 
Primate Communities 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 7: Primate Behavior 
Studying Primates 
The Evolution of Primate Social Behavior 
Social Behavior and Reproductive Asymmetry 
Male Reproductive Strategies 
Female Reproductive Strategies 
Why Are Nonhuman Primates Social? 
The Paradox of Sociality 
INNOVATIONS: Culture in Nonhuman Primates 
Types of Nonhuman Primate Societies 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Infanticide Wars 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Are Chimpanzees from Mars and Bonobos from Venus? 
Reconstructing the Evolution of Primate Societies 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Part III: Paleontology and Primate Evolution

Chapter 8: Fossils in Geological Context 
How to Become a Fossil 
The Importance of Context 
Stratigraphy 
The Geologic Time Scale 
How Old Is It? 
Relative Dating Techniques 
Calibrated Relative Dating Techniques 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Piltdown Hoax 
Chronometric Dating Techniques 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Dating Controversies 
INNOVATIONS: Time in a Bottle 
The Earth in the Cenozoic 
Continents and Land Masses 
The Environment in the Cenozoic 
Overview of Climatic Changes during the Cenozoic 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 9: Origin of Primates 
The Mesozoic and Beyond 
Dawn of the Age of Mammals 
The Crater of Doom: What Happened at the K—T Boundary? 
Changes in the Paleocene: The Origin of Primates? 
Why Primates? 
Early Primates of the Eocene 
Adapoids (Strepsirhine Ancestors) 
Omomyoids (Haplorhine Ancestors) 
Continental Drift and Eocene Primates 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar 
Selective Pressures Favoring the Strepsirhine—Haplorhine Split 
Evolution of Higher Primates 
The First Monkeys? 
New World Monkeys 
Old World Monkeys 
What Favored the Origin of Anthropoids? 
The Earliest Apes 
Selection Pressures and the Divergence of Monkeys and Apes 
The Monkey’s Tale: What Happened to Primate Diversity in the Miocene? 
Molecular Evolution in Primates 
A Primate Molecular Phylogeny 
Molecular Phylogeny and Human Origins 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 10: Becoming Human: The Ape—Hominin Transition 
Becoming a Biped 
Anatomical Changes 
Constructing the Bipedal Body Plan 
Locomotion of the Last Common Ancestor 
Why Bipeds? 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Overheated Radiator? 
The Transition to Human Behavior 
Primate Intelligence: Why Are Human Brains Big? 
What Made Humans Human? 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Part IV: The Human Fossil Record

Chapter 11: Early Hominins 
Will You Know a Hominin When You See One? 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: A Rose by Any Other Name: Hominins versus Hominins 
The First Hominins? 
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 
Orrorin tugenensis 
Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Treasures of the Afar Triangle 
Australopithecus and Kin 
Australopithecus anamensis 
Australopithecus afarensis 
INNOVATIONS: Dikika and Development 
Australopithecus bahrelghazali 
Kenyanthropus platyops 
Australopithecus garhi 
Australopithecus africanus 
The Robust Australopithecines (or Paranthropines) 
Understanding the Australopithecine Radiation 
Cohabitation 
Tools and Intelligence 
Ancestors and Descendants 
Questions for Future Paleoanthropologists 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 12: Rise of The Genus Homo 
Defining the Genus Homo 
Earliest Genus Homo 
Early Tool Use 
Hunting and Scavenging 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Understanding the Meat-Eating Past through the Pre-sent 
Who Was Homo erectus? 
Anatomical Features 
Homo erectus versus Homo ergaster 
Homo erectus around the World 
African Origins 
The First African Diaspora: Republic of Georgia 
Dispersal into East Asia 
The Status of Homo erectus in Europe 
The Lifeways of Homo erectus 
Homo erectus and the Early Stone Age 
A Higher-Quality Diet: Homo erectus Subsistence 
Homo erectus Life History 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: What’s Size Got to Do with It? 
Homo erectus Leaves Africa 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 13: Archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertals 
Hominin Evolution in the Middle to Late Pleistocene 
Defining Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens 
Archaic Homo sapiens 
European Archaic Homo sapiens 
African Archaic Homo sapiens 
Asian Archaic Homo sapiens 
Behavior of Archaic Homo sapiens 
Stone Tools 
Biodegradable Tools 
Big Game Hunting 
Fire, Campsites, and Home Sites 
The Neandertals 
Geographic and Temporal Distribution 
History of Neandertal Discovery 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Neandertal Image Makeovers 
Neandertal Anatomy and DNA 
Growth and Development 
Health and Disease 
INNOVATIONS: Neandertal Genes 
Neandertal Behavior 
Material Culture 
Coping with Cold 
Hunting and Subsistence 
Cannibalism 
Burials 
Ritual and Symbolic Behavior 
Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Issues: An Overview 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 14: The Emergence and Dispersal of Homo sapiens 
The Emergence of Modern Humans 
Models of Modern Human Origins 
Multiregional and Replacement Models 
Predictions of the Two Models 
Anatomy and Distribution of Early Humans 
Africa 
Near East 
Europe 
Asia and Southeast Asia 
Australia 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Little People of Flores 

The Pacific Islands

Peopleing the New World
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Part V: New Frontiers in Biological Anthropology

Chapter 15: Evolution of the Brain and Language 
Issues in Hominin Brain Evolution 
Brain Size and Encephalization 
Brain Size and the Fossil Record 
Brain Reorganization 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Ten-Percent Myth: Evolution and Energy 
Language: Biology and Evolution 
The Evolution of Grammar 
Language in the Brain 
Language in the Throat 
Language Ability and the Fossil Record 
INNOVATIONS: Music, the Brain, and Evolution 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Ape Language Studies 
Scenarios of Language Evolution 
Brain Size, Language, and Intelligence 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 16: Biomedical Anthropology 
Epidemiology: Basic Tools For Biomedical Anthropology 
Rates: Mortality, Incidence, and Prevalence 
Epidemiological Transitions 
Biocultural and Evolutionary Approaches to Disease 
The Biocultural Approach 
The Evolutionary Approach 
Birth, Growth, and Aging 
Human Childbirth 
Patterns of Human Growth 
Stages of Human Growth 
The Secular Trend in Growth 
Menarche and Menopause 
Aging 
Infectious Disease and Biocultural Evolution 
Human Behavior and the Spread of Infectious Disease 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Kuru, Cannibalism, and Prion Diseases 
Infectious Disease and the Evolutionary Arms Race 
Diet and Disease 
The Paleolithic Diet 
Agriculture and Nutritional Deficiency 
Agriculture and Abundance: Thrifty and Nonthrifty Genotypes 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 17: The Evolution of Human Behavior 
Studying the Evolution of Human Behavior 
The Evolution of Human Behavior: Four Approaches 
Behavioral Patterns and Evolution 
Traditional Lives in Evolutionary Ecological Perspective 
Quantification in Evolutionary Ecological Research 
Hunting, Gathering, and the Sexual Division of Labor 
Sexual Selection and Human Behavior 
Risk-Taking Behavior 
Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos 
Language-Related Cross-Cultural Behaviors 
Motherese or Infant-Directed Speech 
Basic Color Terms 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Reading, Writing, and Evolution 
Behavioral Disease 
Depression and Natural Selection 
Schizophrenia 
Psychoactive Substance Use and Abuse 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

Chapter 18: Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology 
Life, Death, and the Skeleton 
Field Recovery Methods 
Laboratory Processing, Curation, and Chain of Custody 
The Biological Profile 
Age at Death 
Sex 
Ancestry 
Height and Weight 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: Ancestry Genetics 
Premortem Injury and Disease 
Taphonomy 
Perimortem Trauma 
Postmortem Trauma 
DNA, Kinship, and Identity 
Identification and Forensic Anthropology 
INSIGHTS AND ADVANCES: The Genghis Khan Effect 
Time Since Death 
Antemortem Records and Positive IDs 
Facial Reconstruction 
Applications of Bioarchaeology 
Mortuary Archaeology 
Biocultural Evolution of Health and Disease 
Activity Patterns and Subsistence Change 
Applications of Forensic Anthropology 
Mass Fatalities 
War Dead 
War Crimes and Genocide 
Epilogue 
Summary • Critical Thinking Questions • Key Terms • Suggested Reading

APPENDIX A  Overview of the Brain 
APPENDIX B  Primate and Human Comparative Anatomy 
APPENDIX C  The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 
APPENDIX D  Metric-Imperial Conversions 

Glossary 
Bibliography 
Photo Credits 
Index 

Author

In This Section:

I. Author Bio

II. Author Letter

I. Author Bio

Follow Us On Twitter: @BioAnthroSAA

Craig Stanford is a professor of anthropology and biological sciences at the University of Southern California, where he also directs the Jane Goodall Research Center. He has conducted field research on primate behavior in south Asia, Latin America, and East Africa. He is well known for his long-term studies of meat-eating among wild chimpanzees in Gombe, Tanzania, and of the relationship between mountain gorillas and chimpanzees in the Impenetrable Forest of Uganda. He has authored or coauthored more than 120 scientific publications. Craig has received USC's highest teaching awards for his introductory biological anthropology course. In addition, he has published eleven books on primate behavior and human origins, including Significant Others (2001), Upright (2003) and Beautiful Minds (2008). He and his wife, Erin Moore, a cultural anthropologist at USC, live in South Pasadena, California, and have three children.

John Allen is a research scientist in the Dornsife Cognitive Neuroscience Imaging Center and the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California. Previously, he was a neuroscience researcher at the University of Iowa College of Medicine and a faculty member in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, for several years. His primary research interests are the evolution of the human brain and behavior, and behavioral disease. He also has research experience in molecular genetics, nutritional anthropology, and the history of anthropology. He has conducted fieldwork in Japan, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Palau. He has received university awards for teaching introductory courses in biological anthropology both as a graduate student instructor at the University of California and as a faculty member at the University of Auckland. In addition to BiologicalAnthropology, he is also the author of Medical Anthropology: A Biocultural Approach (with Andrea S. Wiley; 2009) and The Lives of the Brain (2009). John and his wife, Stephanie Sheffield, have two sons, Reid and Perry.

Susan Antón is a professor in the Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology at New York University, where she also directs the M.A. program in Human Skeletal Biology. Her field research concerns the evolution of genus Homo in Indonesia and human impact on island ecosystems in the South Pacific. She is best known for her work on H. erectus in Kenya and Indonesia, for which she was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008. She is past editor of the Journal of Human Evolution. She received awards for teaching as a graduate student instructor of introductory physical anthropology and anatomy at the University of California, was Teacher of the Year while at the University of Florida, and a Golden Dozen teaching award recipient at NYU. She has been twice elected to Who's Who Among America's Teachers. Susan and her husband, Carl Swisher, a geochronologist, raise Anatolian shepherd dogs.

Dear Colleague,

It is our pleasure to be able to bring you the third edition of our textbook Biological anthropology: the natural history of

humankind.We are writing to you to share some highlights from the new edition. We have done our best to keep the book comprehensive, cutting edge, and accessibly readable. Over the past three years, new fossil discoveries, new revelations about primate behavior, and new breakthroughs in molecular biology have made an update of our previous edition essential. As always, we have endeavored to provide students and instructors with the very best coverage of these issues, and also the best photographs and images available.

We believe that Biological anthropology offers you an outstanding choice in its comprehensive coverage of topics as well

as its clarity, originality, critical-thinking approach, and presentation of beautifully done artwork and photography. All the traditional topics covered in other introductory biological anthropology texts are covered in detail. We also treat topics that are rarely covered in traditional texts, but are at the cutting edge of field. These include biomedical anthropology, brain evolution, and forager societies.

In addition, new aspects of the third edition include:

• Updated treatment of recent discoveries of Australopithecus sediba, Ardipithecus ramidus, Darwinius, and Denisova hominins,

plus advances in the study of Ancient DNA of Neandertals

• New discoveries about chimpanzee culture, including the latest research on tool use and hunting

• Updates on genetics, including ancient DNA and population genetics

• Expanded treatment of evolutionary aspects of human health and disease

• New photographs of fossils, primates, and other subjects

• New anatomical illustrations, featuring systematic redrawing of fossil and osteological artwork by medical artists

Each chapter of the book now contains an updated visual summary. Each chapter also features links, where appropriate, to

MyAnthroLab, which provides highly useful information and exercises for use in labs that accompany a biological anthropology course. MyAnthroLab is available at no cost to students who are using Biological anthropology.

We wrote the first edition of Biological anthropology because, as teaching assistants during our graduate school days, we

were disappointed in the overall quality of other books that were available. We are very pleased that Biological anthropology

has become a leader in the biological anthropology textbook market. We are, as always, grateful for feedback from instructors and we try our best to incorporate updates to both the content and appearance of the book with instructor needs in mind. We realize that you, the instructor, have a choice of books to assign and we were committed to producing a new third edition that would meet your needs and those of students in this fascinating field of study.

Sincerely yours,

Craig Stanford

John S. Allen

Susan c. Antón

Reader Review(s)

“The material and issues included are terrific - I could even say of all of the texts on the market, this book is the most appropriate and includes the most interesting material and topics.  It's really innovative in this area.”

Professor Mary Willis, University of Nebraska - Lincoln

“It is evident that the authors have written this text after their experiences of teaching an introductory course, it appears they definitely had students' interests in mind when developing this text.”

Professor Kathleen Rizzo, University of Illinois - Chicago

“The examples make the material "real" for the students, rather than memorizing dry definitions.”

Professor Samantha Hens, University of California Sacramento