Physics for Scientists & Engineers Vol. 2 (Chs 21-35)

Description

Features

Pedagogical Features

• Greater clarity

No topic, no paragraph in this book was overlooked in the search to improve the clarity of the presentation. Many changes and clarifications have been made, both small and not so small. One goal has been to eliminate phrases and sentences that may slow down the principle argument: keep to the essentials at first, give the elaborations later.

• Color is used pedagogically to bring out the physics. Different types of vectors are given different colors. This book has been printed in 5 colors (5 passes through the presses) to provide better variety and definition for illustrating vectors and other concepts such as fields and rays. The photographs opening each Chapter, some of which have vectors superimposed on them, have been chosen so that the accompanying caption can be a sort of summary of the Chapter.

  • The wide range of Applications have been carefully chosen and integrated into the text so as not to interfere with the development of the physics, but rather to illuminate it.Some serve only as examples of physical principles, some are treated in greater depth. To make it easy to spot the Applications, a Physics Applied marginal note is placed in the margin. A list of Applications shall appear after the Table of Contents.

 •  Problem Solving Marginal Notes are included throughout the Chapters to emphasize key Problem Solving strategies.

•  Problem Solving Boxes

Found throughout the book, each box outlines a step-by-step approach to get students thinking about and involved in the problem at hand.

• Step-by-Step Examples

Following most Problem Solving Boxes, the next Example is worked step-by-step following the steps of the preceding Problem Solving Box to show students how this tool can be 

 • Estimation Examples

These help students develop skills for making order-of-magnitude estimates, even when data is scarce, or when you might never have guessed any result was possible.

New to this Edition

Page Layout

Great effort has been made to keep important derivations and arguments on facing pages. Students then don't have to turn back and forth. [Throughout the book readers see before them, on two facing pages, an important slice of physics.]

Revised Vector Notation

Arrows over boldface symbols are now used to denote vectors in text and in art. Provides consistency with the way students write vectors in homework and the way professors write vectors on the board.

New “Chapter Opening Questions” (COQs)

These multiple-choice questions at the beginning of each Chapter immediately engage students with key Chapter concepts, presenting common student misconceptions. Students revisit the COQs later in the Chapter, as an Exercise, to see if their answers have changed. Answers to all Exercises are given at the end of the Chapter.

New Chapter Contents listing on the Chapter-Opening Page

Gives students an overview of Chapter topics without forcing them to turn back to the TOC.

New “Approach” Steps in worked-out Examples

Added to each worked-out Example, the Approach steps help students understand the reasoning behind the method used to solve the problem and answer their questions of "how/where do I start?"

New “Note” Sections in worked-out Examples

Added to many worked-out Examples after the Solution, these Notes sometimes remark on the solution itself, mention an application, or give an alternate approach to solving the problem.

New Exercises

Integrated throughout the Chapters, Exercises give students a chance to check their understanding through practice before they proceed to other topics. [Answers are given at the end of the Chapter.]

New Caution marginal notes

These notes in the margin of the text warn students of common mistakes / misconceptions about the topic at hand.

New Computer / Numerical Problems

In most Chapters, with an optional introduction in Section 2-9, these are optional and often level III Problems grouped together at the end of most Chapters. These problems require a numerical solution, often requiring a computer, spreadsheet, or programmable calculator to do the sums.

New Examples and Applications

• New optional Example 1-9 Planck length on this smallest meaningful unit of measurement. 
• New optional Section 2-9 Graphical Analysis and Numerical Integration, including Example 2-22 Numerical Integration, describing techniques students can use  to solve problems numerically, using a computer or graphing calculator. Problems that use these numerical techniques are found at the end of many Chapters. 
• New Example 6-10 Lagrange Point L1 explores how to determine the distance to Lagrange Point L1. 
• Chapters 7 and 8 on Work and Energy were carefully revised including the issue of work done by friction. 
• Chapters 10 and 11 on Rotational Motion were reorganized such that coverage of Angular Momentum is entirely in Chapter 11. 
• Chapters 30 and 31 on Inductance and AC Circuits were combined into one Chapter.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 21: ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD

21—1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

21—2 Electric Charge in the Atom

21—3 Insulators and Conductors

21—4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

21—5 Coulomb’s Law

21—6 The Electric Field

21—7 Electric Field Calculations for Continuous Charge Distributions

21—8 Field Lines

21—9 Electric Fields and Conductors

21—10 Motion of a Charged Particle in an Electric Field

21—11 Electric Dipoles

*21—12 Electric Forces in Molecular Biology; DNA

*21—13 Photocopy Machines and Computer Printers Use Electrostatics

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 22: GAUSS’S LAW

22—1 Electric Flux

22—2 Gauss’s Law

22—3 Applications of Gauss’s Law

*22—4 Experimental Basis of Gauss’s and Coulomb’s Law

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 23: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

23—1 Electric Potential Energy and Potential Difference

23—2 Relation between Electric Potential and Electric Field

23—3 Electric Potential Due to Point Charges

23—4 Potential Due to Any Charge Distribution

23—5 Equipotential Surfaces

23—6 Electric Dipole Potential

23—7 E Determined from V

23—8 Electrostatic Potential Energy; the Electron Volt

23—9 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 24: CAPACITANCE, DIELECTRICS, ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE

24—1 Capacitors

24—2 Determination of Capacitance

24—3 Capacitors in Series and Parallel

24—4 Electric Energy Storage

24—5 Dielectrics

*24—6 Molecular Description of Dielectrics

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 25: ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND RESISTANCE

25–1 The Electric Battery

25–2 Electric Current

25–3 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Resistors

25–4 Resistivity

25–5 Electric Power

25–6 Power in Household Circuits

25–7 Alternating Current

25–8 Microscopic View of Electric Current: Current Density and Drift Velocity

*25–9 Superconductivity

*25–10 Electrical Conduction in the Nervous System

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 26: DC CIRCUITS

26-1 EMF and Terminal Voltage

26-2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel

26-3 Kirchoff’s Rules

26-4 EMFs in Series and in Parallel; Charging a Battery

26-5 Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor (RC Circuits)

26-6 Electric Hazards

*26-7 Ammeters and Voltmeters

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 27: MAGNETISM

27-1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields

27-2 Electric Currents Produce Magnetic Fields

27-3 Force on an Electric Current in a Magnetic Field; Definition of

27-4 Force on an Electric Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field

27-5 Torque on a Current Loop; Magnetic Dipole Moment

*27-6 Applications: Galvanometers, Motors, Loudspeakers

27-7 Discover and Properties of the Electron

*27-8 The Hall Effect

*27-9 Mass Spectrometer

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 28: SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD

28-1 Magnetic Field Due to a Straight Wire

28-2 Force between Two Parallel Wires

28-3 Definitions of the Ampere and the Coulomb

28-4 Ampere’s Law

28-5 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid and a Toroid

28-6 Biot-Savart Law

*28-7 Magnetic materials—Ferromagnetism

*28-8 Electromagnets and Solenoids–Applications

*28-9 Magnetic Fields in Magnetic Materials; Hysteresis

*28-10 Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 29: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND FARADAY’S LAW

29-1 Induced EMF

29-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction; Lenz’s Law

29-3 EMF Induced in a Moving Conductor

29-4 Electric Generators

*29-5 Back EMF and Counter Torque; Eddy Currents

29-6 Transformers and Transmission of Power

29-7 A Changing Magnetic Flux Produces an Electric Field

*29-8 Applications of Induction: Sound Systems, Computer Memory, Seismograph, GFCI

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 30: INDUCTANCE, ELECTROMAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS, AND AC CIRCUITS

30-1 Mutual Inductance

30-2 Self-Inductance

30-3 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

30-4 LR Circuits

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

30-9 Resonance in AC Circuits

*30-10 Impedance Matching

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 31: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampere’s Law and Displacement Current

31-2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism

31-3 Maxwell’s Equations

31-4 Production of Electromagnetic Waves

*31-5 Electromagnetic Waves, and Their Speed, from Maxwell’s Equations

31-6 Light as an Electromagnetic Wave and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

31-7 Measuring the Speed of Light

31-8 Energy in EM Waves; the Poynting Vector

*31-9 Radiation Pressure

*31-10 Radio and Television; Wireless Communication

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 32: LIGHT: REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

32-1 The Ray Model of Light

32-2 The Speed of Light and Index of Refraction

32-3 Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

32-4 Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

32-5 Refraction: Snell’s Law

32-6 Visible Spectrum and Dispersion

32-7 Total Internal Reflection; Fiber Optics

*32-8 Refraction at a Spherical Surface

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 33: LENSES AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

33-1 Thin Lenses; Ray Tracing

33-2 The Thin Lens Equation; Magnification

33-3 Combinations of Lenses

33-4 Lensmaker’s Equation

33-5 Cameras, Film and Digital

33-6 The Human Eye; Corrective Lenses

33-7 Magnifying Glass

33-8 Telescopes

*33-9 Compound Microscope

*33-10 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 34: THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT; INTERFERENCE

34-1 Waves Versus Particles; Huygens’ Principle and Diffraction

34-2 Huygens’ Principle and the Law of Refraction

34-3 Interference—Young’s Double-Slit Experiment

34-4 Intensity in the Double-Slit Interference Pattern

34-5 Interference in Thin Films

*34-6 Michelson Interferometer

*34-7 Luminous Intensity

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 35: DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION

35-1 Diffraction by a Single Slit or Disk

35-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern

35-3 Diffraction in the Double-Slit Experiment

35-4 Limits of Resolution; Circular Apertures

35-5 Resolution of Telescopes and Microscopes; the λ Limit

*35-6 Resolution of the Human Eye and Useful Magnification

35-7 Diffraction Grating

*35-8 The Spectrometer and Spectroscopy

*35-9 Peak Widths and Resolving Power for a Diffraction Grating

*35-10 X-Rays and X-Ray Diffraction

35-11 Polarization

*35-12 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)

*35-13 Scattering of Light by the Atmosphere

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

PROBLEMS

GENERAL PROBLEMS