Description

For one-semester courses in Preparatory Chemistry 

Builds 21st century and problem solving skills, preparing students for success

Now in its 6th Edition, the best-selling Introductory Chemistry continues to encourage student interest by showing how chemistry manifests in students’ daily lives. Author Nivaldo Tro draws upon his classroom experience as an award-winning instructor to extend chemistry from the laboratory to the student’s world, capturing student attention with relevant applications and an engaging writing style. The text provides a superior teaching and learning experience, enabling deep conceptual understanding, fostering the development of problem-solving skills, and encouraging interest in chemistry with concrete examples. Extending chemistry from the lab to the student’s world, the text reveals that anyone can master chemistry. 

Refined to meet its purpose of teaching relevant skills, the 6th Edition includes new questions, data, and sections to help students build the 21st century skills necessary to succeed in introductory chemistry and beyond. Already a visual text, in this edition the art has been further refined and improved, making the visual impact sharper and more targeted to student learning. The new edition also includes new Conceptual Checkpoints, a widely embraced feature that emphasizes understanding rather than calculation, as well as a new category of end-of-chapter questions called Data Interpretation and Analysis, which present real data in real life situations and ask students to analyze and interpret that data.

Mastering^™ Chemistry not included. Students, if Mastering Chemistry is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Mastering Chemistry should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.

Mastering Chemistry is the leading online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results by engaging students with powerful content. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics^™.  

Features

This title is a Pearson Global Edition. The Editorial team at Pearson has worked closely with educators around the world to include content which is especially relevant to students outside the United States.

Builds Twenty-First Century Skills

• NEW! Data Interpretation and Analysis, a new category of end- of- chapter questions has been added to each chapter.  These questions present actual data from real-life situations and ask students to analyze and interpret that data. They are designed to give students much- needed practice in reading graphs, understanding tables, and making data-driven decisions.
• A new section (Section 1.4) introduces these skills and emphasizes their importance in student success.

Enables deep conceptual understanding

• NEW! 13 new Conceptual Checkpoint questions have been added throughout the book. Conceptual Checkpoints reinforce conceptual understanding of the most complex material. Strategically located throughout each chapter, they prompt students to think about concepts and solve problems without doing any math. Answers and explanations appear at the end of each chapter.
• Key Learning Outcomes correlate to the Chemical Skills and Examples in the end-of-chapter material and to the content within Mastering Chemistry. Each section in every chapter (after the introductory sections) includes at least one learning outcome summarizing the key learning objective to help students focus and assess their progress.
• Self-Assessment Quizzes at the end of each chapter provide opportunities for students to assess what they’ve learned. Each quiz consists of 10—15 multiple-choice questions similar to those found on standard exams.
• Multipart molecular images depicted through Macroscopic, Microscopic, and Symbolic perspectives enable students to better visualize, and thus understand, chemistry.
  • Multipart images help students to see the relationships among the formulas they write down on paper (symbolic), the world they see around them (macroscopic), and the atoms and molecules that compose that world (molecular).
  • Abundant molecular-level views reveal the connections between everyday processes visible to the eye and the activities of atoms and molecules.
  • Extensive labels and annotations for each illustration direct students to key elements in the art and help them to fully understand the processes depicted.
• REVISED! The art program has been further refined and improved, making the visual impact sharper and more targeted for student learning. The art program has been modified to move information from the captions and into the art itself. This allows relevant information to be placed right where it is most needed and makes the art a more accessible study and review tool.

Fosters development of problem-solving skills

• NEW! 39 Interactive Worked Examples instruct students how to break down problems using Tro’s “Sort, Strategize, Solve, and Check” technique in an interactive, digital format. These problems are incorporated in Mastering Chemistry as assignable activities.
• In the ‘Strategize’ step for many examples, students are prompted to draw a solution map for the problem. Students learn  how to use conversion factors and equations to outline the steps needed to get from the given to the unknown.
• Examples are presented in formats that foster problem-solving skills and enable understanding.
  • All but the simplest examples are presented in a two-column format. The left column acts as the instructor’s voice, explaining the purpose of each step, while the right column shows how the step is executed. This format encourages students to think critically about problem solving, and to view each step in the context of the overall plan.
  • Particular types of problems are presented in a three-column format. The first column outlines the problem-solving procedure and explains the reasoning that underlies each step. The second and third columns show how the steps are implemented for two typical examples. Seeing the method applied to two related but slightly different problems helps students better understand the general procedure.
• Every worked example is followed by at least one similar, but un-worked, skill-builder exercise, which allows students to immediately put into practice the problem-solving techniques they just learned.
• The For More Practice features, which follow every worked example, links to additional in-chapter examples and end-of-chapter problems, providing opportunities for students to practice relevant skills.
• In-text cross-references to the math index appear throughout the text, to make sure students are aware that math help is available right at their fingertips.

Encourages interest in Chemistry

• In the text’s engaging chapter openers, Nivaldo Tro offers a specific example of the concept at hand to grab students' attention, steps back to make a more general and relatable analogy, and then delves into specifics.
• Interest boxes of four types throughout the text keep students engaged in the course.
  • Everyday Chemistry boxes demonstrate the importance of chemistry in everyday situations, such as bleaching your hair.
  • Chemistry in the Media boxes discuss chemical topics that have been in the news, such as the the origin of life on Earth.
  • Chemistry and Health boxes focus on biomedical topics as well as those related to personal health and fitness.
  • Chemistry in the Environment boxes discuss environmental issues that are closely tied to chemistry, such as the Flint, Michigan water crisis.

Updated Content 

• UPDATED! The data throughout the book has been updated to reflect the most recent measurements and developments available.
  • For example, the half-life of Carbon-14 has been changed to 5715 years in Table 17.2 and throughout Chapter 17 to reflect the current accepted value and new information has been added about thermoluminescent dosimeters in Section 17.4.
  • Other updates include changes made to Figure 8.2 Climate Change, Section 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs, Table 11.5 Changes in Pollutant Levels for Major U.S. Cities, 1980—2014, The Chemistry in the Environment box in Section 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule, and Section 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity.
• UPDATED! Several chapter-opening sections (and/or the corresponding art), including Sections 1.1, 2.1, 12.1, and 16.1, have been replaced or significantly modified.
• NEW! A new section (Section 2.8), new example (Example 2.12), and new end-of-chapter problems address conversions involving quantities with combined units, such as mL/kg or km/hr.
• NEW! Temporary symbols for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 (Uut, Uup, Uus, and Uuo, respectively) have been added to all periodic tables.
• REVISED! Text in all chapters has been edited for clarity and to limit use of passive voice and extraneous words and phrases.

Mastering^™ Chemistry not included. Students, if Mastering Chemistry is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Mastering Chemistry should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.

Mastering Chemistry is the leading online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results by engaging students with powerful content. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics^™.

• NEW! The Chemistry Primer helps students remediate their chemistry math skills and prepare for their first college chemistry course.
  • Pre-built Assignments get students up to speed at the beginning of the course.
  • Math is covered in the context of chemistry, basic chemical literacy, balancing chemical equations, mole theory, and stoichiometry.
  • Scaled to students’ needs, remediation is only suggested to students that perform poorly on an initial problem.
  • Remediation includes tutorials, wrong-answer specific feedback, video instruction, and step-wise scaffolding to build students’ abilities.
• NEW! Learning Catalytics^™ helps generate class discussion, customize lectures, and promote peer-to-peer learning with real-time analytics. Learning Catalytics uses students’ smartphones, tablets, or laptops to engage them in more interactive tasks and thinking.
  • NEW! Upload a full PowerPoint^® deck for easy creation of slide questions.
  • NEW! Team names are no longer case sensitive.
  • Help students develop critical thinking skills.
  • Monitor responses to find out where students are struggling.
  • Rely on real-time data to adjust teaching strategy.
  • Automatically group students for discussion, teamwork, and peer-to-peer learning.
• Interactive simulations cover difficult chemistry concepts. Written by leading authors in simulation development, they foster student understanding of chemistry and clearly illustrate cause-and-effect relationships in difficult subjects areas such as electrolysis, acid-base titration, and calorimetry.           
• The easy-to-use chemistry drawing tool lets students draw a diverse range of structures.    
• Pause and Predict Videos engage students by requiring them to submit a prediction about the outcome of an experiment or demonstration before seeing the final result. A set of assignable tutorials based on these videos challenge students to transfer their understanding of the demonstration to related scenarios.
• Assignable, in-depth tutorials guide students through the toughest topics in chemistry with individualized coaching. These self-paced tutorials coach students with hints and feedback specific to individual misconceptions. Tutorials respond to a wide variety of typical wrong answers that students enter at any step. Tutorials offer students hints, allowing them to choose specific help when they need it.
• Math Remediation links in selected tutorials launch algorithmically generated math exercises that give students unlimited practice on prerequisite skills, freeing up class and office-hour time to focus on the chemistry. Exercises include guided solutions, sample problems, and learning aids for extra help, and offer helpful feedback when students enter incorrect answers.
• Visualizations are tutorials that enable students to make connections between real-life phenomena and the underlying chemistry that explains such phenomena. The tutorials, many of them interactive and require student participation, increase the conceptual understanding of the topic and clearly illustrate cause-and-effect relationships.
• Reading Quizzes give instructors the opportunity to assign reading, and test students on their comprehension of chapter content.
• Enhanced end-of-chapter questions with answer-specific feedback use data gathered from all of the students using the program, to offer wrong-answer feedback that is specific to each student. Rather than simply providing feedback of the "right/wrong/try again" variety, Mastering guides students towards the correct final answer without giving the answer away.
• Key Math Skills and Core Chemistry Skills Tutorials provide assignable practice problems related to the in-text feature boxes, ensuring that students master the basic quantitative and science skills they need to succeed in the course.
• Thousands of test bank problems are provided, allowing instructors to use the same system for building tests and exams for on- or off-line delivery. Instructors can also include a wide variety (multiple-choice, short-answer, randomized numerical, and choose-all-that-apply) of problems in weekly homework assignments.

New to this Edition

About the Book

• 13 New Conceptual Checkpoint questions have been added throughout the book. Conceptual Checkpoints reinforce conceptual understanding of the most complex material. Strategically located throughout each chapter, they prompt students to think about concepts and solve problems without doing any math. Answers and explanations appear at the end of each chapter.
• REVISED! The art program has been further refined and improved, making the visual impact sharper and more targeted for student learning. The art program has been modified to move information from the captions and into the art itself. This allows relevant information to be placed right where it is most needed and makes the art a more accessible study and review tool.
• Data Interpretation and Analysis, a new category of end- of- chapter questions has been added to each chapter.  These questions present actual data from real-life situations and ask students to analyze and interpret that data. They are designed to give students much- needed practice in reading graphs, understanding tables, and making data-driven decisions.
• 39 Interactive Worked Examples instruct students how to break down problems using Tro’s “Sort, Strategize, Solve, and Check” technique in an interactive, digital format. These problems are incorporated in Mastering Chemistry as assignable activities.
• UPDATED! The data throughout the book has been updated to reflect the most recent measurements and developments available.
  • For example, the half-life of Carbon-14 has been changed to 5715 years in Table 17.2 and throughout Chapter 17 to reflect the current accepted value and new information has been added about thermoluminescent dosimeters in Section 17.4.
  • Other updates include changes made to Figure 8.2 Climate Change, Section 10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs, Table 11.5 Changes in Pollutant Levels for Major U.S. Cities, 1980–2014, The Chemistry in the Environment box in Section 12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule, and Section 17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity.
• UPDATED! Several chapter-opening sections (and/or the corresponding art), including Sections 1.1, 2.1, 12.1, and 16.1, have been replaced or significantly modified.
• A new section (Section 2.8), new example (Example 2.12), and new end-of-chapter problems address conversions involving quantities with combined units, such as mL/kg or km/hr.
• Temporary symbols for elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 (Uut, Uup, Uus, and Uuo, respectively) have been added to all periodic tables.
• REVISED! Text in all chapters has been edited for clarity and to limit use of passive voice and extraneous words and phrases.

Mastering^™ Chemistry not included. Students, if Mastering Chemistry is a recommended/mandatory component of the course, please ask your instructor for the correct ISBN and course ID. Mastering Chemistry should only be purchased when required by an instructor. Instructors, contact your Pearson rep for more information.

Mastering Chemistry is the leading online homework, tutorial, and assessment system, designed to improve results by engaging students with powerful content. Instructors ensure students arrive ready to learn by assigning educationally effective content and encourage critical thinking and retention with in-class resources such as Learning Catalytics^™.

• The Chemistry Primer helps students remediate their chemistry math skills and prepare for their first college chemistry course.
  • Pre-built Assignments get students up to speed at the beginning of the course.
  • Math is covered in the context of chemistry, basic chemical literacy, balancing chemical equations, mole theory, and stoichiometry.
  • Scaled to students’ needs, remediation is only suggested to students that perform poorly on an initial problem.
  • Remediation includes tutorials, wrong-answer specific feedback, video instruction, and step-wise scaffolding to build students’ abilities.
• Learning Catalytics^™ helps generate class discussion, customize lectures, and promote peer-to-peer learning with real-time analytics. Learning Catalytics uses students’ smartphones, tablets, or laptops to engage them in more interactive tasks and thinking.
  • NEW! Upload a full PowerPoint^® deck for easy creation of slide questions.
  • NEW! Team names are no longer case sensitive.
  • Help students develop critical thinking skills.
  • Monitor responses to find out where students are struggling.
  • Rely on real-time data to adjust teaching strategy.
  • Automatically group students for discussion, teamwork, and peer-to-peer learning.

Table of Contents

1 The Chemical World

1.1 Sand and Water

1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things

1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think

1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data

1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed

2 Measurement and Problem Solving

2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error

2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers

2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision

2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement

2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion

2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems

2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator

2.9 Units Raised to a Power

2.10 Density

2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map

3 Matter and Energy

3.1 In Your Room

3.2 What Is Matter?

3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas

3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties

3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes

3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter

3.8 Energy

3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change

3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms

3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity

3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations

4 Atoms and Elements

4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon

4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory

4.3 The Nuclear Atom

4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons

4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons

4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies

4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms

5 Molecules and Compounds

5.1 Sugar and Salt

5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition

5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds

5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds

5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds

5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds

5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds

5.9 Naming Acids

5.10 Nomenclature Summary

5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit

6 Chemical Composition

6.1 How Much Sodium?

6.2 Counting Nails by the Pound

6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram

6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram

6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors

6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds

6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula

6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds

6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds

7 Chemical Reactions

7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents

7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction

7.3 The Chemical Equation

7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations

7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water

7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid

7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations

7.8 Acid—Base and Gas Evolution Reactions

7.9 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions

7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions

8 Quantities in Chemical Reactions

8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide

8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients

8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions

8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions

8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield

8.6 Limiting Reactant[JJ2] , Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants

8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction

9 Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table

9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom

9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation

9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits

9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals

9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations

9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model

9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character

10 Chemical Bonding

10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs

10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots

10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred

10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared

10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds

10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule

10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules

10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix

11 Gases

11.1 Extra-Long Straws

11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases

11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions

11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume

11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature

11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature

11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles

11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles

11.9 Mixtures of Gases

11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions

12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces

12.1 Spherical Water

12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids

12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity

12.4 Evaporation and Condensation

12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation

12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole—Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion—Dipole

12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic

12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule

13 Solutions

13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon

13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures

13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy

13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz

13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent

13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity

13.7 Solution Dilution

13.8 Solution Stoichiometry

13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter

13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration

14 Acids and Bases

14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies

14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples

14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples

14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases

14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases

14.6 Acid—Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution

14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One

14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity 

14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change

15 Chemical Equilibrium

15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium

15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction

15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium

15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes

15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid

15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants

15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Ch®telier’s Principle

15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium

15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium

15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium

15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant

15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst

16 Oxidation and Reduction

16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?

16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions

16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping

16.4 Balancing Redox Equations

16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions[JJ3] 

16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity

16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry

16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions

17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry

17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis

17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity

17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay

17.4 Detecting Radioactivity

17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life

17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts

17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb

17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity

17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun

17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life

17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine

18 Organic Chemistry

18.1 What Do I Smell?

18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic

18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom

18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen

18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure

18.7 Naming Alkanes

18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes

18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions

18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

18.11 Functional Groups

18.12 Alcohols

18.13 Ethers

18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones

18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters

18.16 Amines

18.17 Polymers

19 Biochemistry

19.1 The Human Genome Project

19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components

19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber

19.4 Lipids

19.5 Proteins

19.6 Protein Structure

19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints

19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis